Review of methods for lithium extraction from geothermal brines

Abstract

Lithium, a highly reactive and valuable metal, is essential for the clean energy transition, powering electronic devices, electric cars, and energy storage systems. With demand for lithium surging, environmentally responsible and economically viable extraction methods are crucial. Traditional sources include brines and mineral clays, but lithium-ion batteries have become a significant secondary source due to their high consumption of lithium. This review explores various extraction methods from geothermal brines, focusing on conventional techniques like solar evaporation, precipitation, and solvent extraction, highlighting their efficiency and limitations. Advanced electrochemical methods are also discussed, including the use of electrochemical ion pumping and electrodialysis, showcasing their potential for high-purity lithium recovery. Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technology, which offers over 90% recovery and reduces impurities by over 99%, is identified as a promising approach. The review underscores the need for large-scale field experiments and the development of new lithium sources to meet growing demand.