Gender and Race-Based Differences in Negotiating Behavior among Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Four-Year Institutions

Abstract

Inequities in faculty representation and support have long been documented, though a potentially key contributor to these inequities—negotia-tion behavior—remains underexplored. We leverage descriptive analyses and hierarchical linear modeling with a sample of over 30,000 faculty to explore gender-and race-based differences across negotiating behavior and institutional responses. Results suggest significant differences in the likelihood of seeking and receiving external offers and negotiating employment. Men of color are less likely to engage in many behaviors, though women of color may be less successful in receiving changes to their employment context. Results have implications for faculty, institutional policy, and future research.