SURAU DAN TRADISI PERNASKAHANISLAM DI MINANGKABAU: STUDI ATAS DINAMIKA TRADISI PERNASKAHAN DI SURAU-SURAU DI PADANG DAN PADANG PARIAMAN*

Abstract

Surau is a traditional institution of education in Minangkabau which has important role in developing Islam. In Islamic local discourse, surau b e c a m e a c e n t e r o f o r d e r (t arîkah) , t h e c e n t e r f o r excellenceand for defending to criticize the another untrue ideology o f I s l a m. I n t h i s c o n t e x t , syaikh f r o m e a c h surau write the manuscript to critisize the untruth ideology of Islam or social condition. There are four surau located in Padang and Padang Pariaman where many manuscripts can be found. The manuscripts are culturally important since they are related to the daily religious needs of the disciples of the order of Syattariyah in both places. This is related to the beliefs that to know about the guru, to posses the book, or to listen to the stories about the ulema, the guru of the order of Syattariyah are essential. Besides, the manuscripts are written to criticize opinions of the other Islamic schools whichare not appropriate according to the writer's Islamic perception. ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮة‬ ‫إن‬ ‫دورا‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻨﺎﻧﻜﺎﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ھﺎﻣﺎ‬. ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮة‬ ‫وﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬) ‫روﺣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ‬ (‫ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺳﻼم‬ ‫ﺤﺮﻓﺔ‬. ‫ا‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺪد‬ , ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮا‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻮخ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎطﺊ‬. ‫أرﺑﻊ‬ ‫وﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮات‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺜﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﯾﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﺎداﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎداﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬. ‫و‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻟﺪى‬ ‫دﯾﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ھﺬﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬاھﺐ‬ ‫أراء‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻠﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮطﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫وھﺬه‬ ‫واﻟﺮو‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﮭﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺳﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬. Kata Kunci: tradisi pernaskahan Islam, surau, tarekat Syattariyah, Minangkabau