Comparing the Effects of Design Thinking and A3 Problem-Solving on Resident Attitudes Toward Systems Change

Abstract

Background Quality improvement (QI) is a required component of graduate medical education. Many medical educators struggle to foster an improvement mindset within residents. Objective We conducted a mixed-methods study to compare a Design Thinking (DT) approach to QI education with a Lean, A3 problem-solving approach. We hypothesized that a DT approach would better promote a mentality of continuous improvement, measured by residents’ resistance to change. Methods Thirty-eight postgraduate year 2 internal medicine residents were divided into 4 cohorts during the 2017–2018 academic year. One cohort participated in an experimental QI curriculum utilizing DT while 3 control cohorts participated in the existing curriculum based on Lean principles. Participants voluntarily completed a quantitative Resistance to Change (RTC) scale pre-and post-curriculum. To inform our understanding of these results, we also conducted semistructured interviews for qualitative thematic analysis. Results The effect size on the overall RTC score (response rate 92%) was trivial in both groups. Three major themes emerged from the qualitative data: factors influencing the QI learning experience, factors influencing creativity, and general attitudes toward QI. Each contained several subthemes with minimal qualitative differences between groups. Conclusions This study found similar results in terms of their effect on attitudes toward systems change, ability to promote creative change agency, and educational experience. Despite positive educational experiences, many residents still did not view systems-based problem-solving as part of their professional identity.