Competency and Certification Gaps Among Traditional Shipping Seafarers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Traditional shipping in Indonesia, known as Pelra (Pelayaran Rakyat), plays an important role in connecting the archipelago and supporting inter-island economic activities. However, this sector faces significant challenges due to the low competency levels of human resources, particularly among ship crews. The examination system, including mechanisms and competency standards for traditional shipping crews, has not been updated for the past three decades, while shipping technology has advanced considerably. This study analyzes the competency levels of Pelra ship crews in South Sulawesi, focusing on certification compliance, technical proficiency, and navigational skills. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were applied, utilizing Spearman correlation and gap analysis to assess crew competency levels. The findings indicate that engine crews face difficulties in meeting certification requirements for Chief Engineer and Motorman positions, while deck crews struggle to fulfill crewing demands as the vessel size increases. Engine crew competencies remain weak in engine maintenance, repair, and installation, whereas deck crews show limitations in compass use, seamanship, and understanding currents and tides. These gaps negatively affect technical performance, safety, and operational efficiency. The study highlights the urgent need for a revised training system, an updated technical curriculum aligned with industry demands, and adaptive policies harmonized with national competency standards to strengthen professionalism and competitiveness in the traditional shipping industry.