Fish oil derived omega 3 fatty acids suppress adipose NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in human obesity

Abstract

Context: The NRLP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein danger-sensing complex that serves as a critical link between obesity-related adipose inflammation and insulin resistance and has been shown in animal models to be inhibited by fish oil-derived long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Objective: We conducted a clinical trial and in vitro experiments to test our hypothesis that n-3 PUFA suppress NLRP3 inflammasome in human obesity through downregulation of inflammasome gene expression in adipocytes and macrophages. Design: Placebo-controlled clinical trial and in vitro coculture experiments with primary human adipocytes (from biopsy specimens) and human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages treated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) vs vehicle control. Setting: General community, research laboratory. Patients and Other Participants: Obese (body mass index $ 30 kg/m2), nondiabetic males and females age 18 to 50. N = 25. Interventions: Clinical trial: Eight-week treatment with 4 g Lovaza (EPA and DHA) or placebo. Cells culture: EPA and/or DHA at 100 mg/mL or vehicle control in culture medium. Main Outcome Measures: Adipose tissue or adipocyte/macrophage mRNA expression of IL-1b and IL-18 and circulating IL-18 levels. Results: Treatment of obese human subjects with fish oil supplements reduced expression of adipose inflammatory genes including inflammasome-associated IL-18 and IL-1b and circulating IL-18 levels. Both EPA and DHA reduced inflammasome gene expression in obese human adipose and human adipocyte and macrophages. Conclusions: N-3 PUFA reduce NLRP3 inflammasome in human adipose through downregulation of gene expression in adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages and has potential as nutritional therapeutic agent in prevention of obesity-related inflammation.