Assessing the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Pyogenic Granuloma in Gingival Tissues

Abstract

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign, rapidly growing vascular lesion commonly found on mucous membranes. Although its demographic distribution is well documented, the specific etiology and pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma in gingival tissues remain poorly understood. Objectives: To evaluate the etiology and pathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma in gingival tissues. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Springer, and Science Direct were searched from January 2009 to February 2024. Prisma guidelines were followed and 20 studies meeting the criteria were included in the systematic review. Results: These results indicate the significant role of etiological factors such as poor oral hygiene, trauma, local irritation, and hormonal factors in the development of pyogenic granuloma. Patients with pyogenic granuloma showed gingival inflammation, thick bundles of collagen fibers, proliferating endothelial cells, overexpression of vascular molecules and CD4+ cells, and a plethora of neutrophils. Conclusions: It was concluded that pyogenic granuloma in gingival tissues is predominantly associated with local irritants, poor oral hygiene, chronic trauma, and hormonal imbalances. These factors trigger inflammatory responses and vascular proliferation, suggesting that targeted interventions such as enhanced oral care and management of hormonal levels could improve prevention and treatment outcomes for gingival pyogenic granuloma.