Enhancing Mobile App Adoption for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Medication Adherence and Self-Management: A Grounded Theory Study

Abstract

Background: Digital app interventions have been shown to enhance medication adherence and self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to improved glycemic outcomes. Despite the availability and ease of access to these apps, the adoption remains low. Therefore, this study aimed to explore strategies to increase the adoption of mobile apps for medication adherence and T2DM self-management. Methods: This study employed a constructivist grounded theory approach. Data were collected through 30 semi-structured in-depth interviews and then analyzed using thematic analysis to identify the strategies. Results: The developed model highlighted five key dimensions: technological, economic, social, behavioral, and environmental strategies. Technological strategies discussed user interface and user experience. Economic strategies stressed the importance of financial support. Meanwhile, social strategies focused on social support and partnership. Behavioral strategies emphasized motivation. Environmental strategies included marketing, patient education, health care professionals’ roles, supportive assistance, policy, and evidence-based approach. Conclusions: This study offers actionable insights and a blueprint to increase the adoption of mobile apps for T2DM medication adherence and self-management, which requires the collective and collaborative efforts from different stakeholders. Nevertheless, the self-efficacy of patients remains low, justifying the need for further patient education and empowerment.