Assessing Health Provider Perspectives Regarding Barriers American Indian/Alaska Native Transgender and Two-Spirit Youth Face Accessing Healthcare

Abstract

Background: American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth disproportionately face barriers accessing healthcare compared with non-AI/AN youth. AI/AN youth who also identify as transgender or Two-Spirit (2S) face higher rates of mental health issues and suicidality, along with increased rates of disease, due to health inequity and historical trauma. Objectives: This project evaluated health provider knowledge of context surrounding gender and sexuality in AI/AN communities. It assessed provider perspectives of provider-side and patient-side barriers accessing care to develop suggestions for improvement. Methods: Semi-structured interviews (SSI) and focus group discussions (FGD) were held among healthcare providers across four sites in the Pacific Northwest. Questions were developed using a community-based participatory research conceptual model, considering the impacts of context, partnerships, and community knowledge. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze transcripts. This project received exemption from the University of Washington IRB and approval from each tribal ethical/research committee. Results: Twenty healthcare providers from varied geographic settings, provider types, and ethnic backgrounds participated in this study. Knowledge regarding contexts surrounding gender in AI/AN communities varied. Long-standing effects of settler colonialism, trauma, and systemic issues presented as overarching concepts. Participants also shared a number of patient and provider-side barriers impacting care and suggested solutions to reduce these barriers. Conclusions: Patient and provider-side barriers inhibit AI/AN transgender and 2S youth access to healthcare. Historical trauma and community resilience play a role in health for these youth. Understanding history, the intersection of identities, and community strengths can help with the development of solutions to provide high quality care to AI/AN transgender or 2S youth.