Productive Resistance

Abstract

This chapter examines the evolving strategies of feminist and LGBT+ movements in response to the rise of anti-gender mobilizations, proposing the concept of productive resistance as a shift from reactive to proactive approaches. Initially dismissed as marginal, anti-gender movements have successfully infiltrated political and public discourse, necessitating a strategic transformation in feminist and LGBT+ activism. While early responses focused on refuting accusations and defending existing rights, contemporary resistance has evolved into diverse and forward-looking strategies. The chapter categorizes these strategies into eight types, including public actions, legal and institutional actions, watchdog advocacy, digital activism, strategic communication, community coalition building, strategic withdrawal, and empowerment and protective advocacy. Through a comparative analysis based on interviews with activists from eight European countries (Italy, Slovenia, France, Turkey, Spain, Poland, Greece, and Denmark), the chapter highlights that feminist and LGBT+ movements are not solely defensive but are actively shaping new social realities by advancing inclusive policies and reinforcing democratic principles. Productive resistance, as argued here, ensures that movements remain resilient, adaptive, and innovative, countering neoconservative threats while forging new avenues for social and political transformation.