A Review of the Long-Term Cardiovascular Consequences of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Abstract

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a major worldwide issue, affecting 5-10% of pregnancies and causing feto-maternal mortality and morbidity. It includes chronic, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and chronic hypertension with preeclampsia. The underlying pathophysiology includes aberrant placental perfusion, angiogenic imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, and hereditary susceptibility. Women with HDP face a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic renal disease, and metabolic syndrome, with larger connections than those with gestational diabetes. Measures such as early aspirin prophylaxis, lifestyle modifications, and prompt antihypertensive therapy are beneficial, but adherence remains low. Postpartum monitoring is generally underused, despite its importance in reducing future cardiovascular risk. Addressing these gaps is critical for lowering maternal mortality, avoiding recurring problems, and improving health outcomes.