Broadening the Therapeutic Window of ADCs Using Site-Specific Bioconjugation Showcased by an MMAE-Containing Peptide Linker in a CD79b-Targeting ADC

Abstract

The limitations of first-generation antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) technologies include suboptimal stability and efficacy, poor safety profiles, and challenging manufacturing processes. In this study, we describe an anti–CD79b-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) ADC generated using a novel peptide-based linker technology that allows for site-specific linker-payload conjugation to native antibodies in only one step. The ADC comprises native polatuzumab as the targeting antibody and a linker-payload consisting of a RKAA-peptide linker and MMAE. We compared our anti–CD79b-RKAA-MMAE ADC with polatuzumab vedotin (PV), the FDA-approved ADC for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In the clinic, PV shows significant instability in circulation, leading to strong and dose-limiting side effects, including neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy. The anti–CD79b-RKAA-MMAE ADC showed optimal biophysical properties with a well-defined drug-to-antibody ratio of 2. It demonstrated potent cytotoxicity in multiple cancer cell lines and was very stable in mouse, cynomolgus monkey, and human sera. The anti–CD79b-RKAA-MMAE conjugate showed equal antitumor efficacy at half the payload dose compared with PV in different xenograft models. At equal MMAE concentrations, greater tumor growth inhibition and a considerably longer duration of response were observed. Ultimately, the highest nonseverely toxic dose of 30 mg/kg was determined in a 4-week repeat-dose toxicology study in rats, which is a 3-fold higher ADC dose than reported for PV. In summary, the data show that our novel site-specific bioconjugation technology enabled the generation of an anti–CD79b-RKAAMMAE ADC with highly favorable biophysical properties and a greatly improved therapeutic index by a factor of 4 to 6 compared with PV. The ADC may therefore represent a safe and efficacious alternative for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.