Distribution of DNA adducts caused by inhaled formaldehyde is consistent with induction of nasal carcinoma but not leukemia

Abstract

Inhaled formaldehyde is classified as a known human and animal carcinogen, causing nasopharyngeal cancer. Additionally, limited epidemiological evidence for leukemia in humans is available; however, this is inconsistent across studies. Both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity are key events in formaldehyde nasal carcinogenicity in rats, but mechanistic data for leukemia are not well established. Formation of DNA adducts is a key event in initiating carcinogenesis. Formaldehyde can induce DNA monoadducts, DNA-DNA cross-links, and DNA protein cross-links. In this study, highly sensitive liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoringmethods were developed and [13CD2]-formaldehyde exposures utilized, allowing differentiation of DNA adducts and DNA-DNA cross-links originating from endogenous and inhalation-derived formaldehyde exposure. The results show that exogenous formaldehyde induced N2-hydroxymethyl-dG monoadducts and dG-dG cross-links in DNA from rat respiratory nasal mucosa but did not form [13CD2]-adducts in sites remote to the portal of entry, even when five times more DNA was analyzed. Furthermore, no N6-HO13CD2-dA adducts were detected in nasal DNA. In contrast, high amounts of endogenous formaldehyde dG and dA monoadducts were present in all tissues examined. The number of exogenous N2-HO13CD2-dG in 1-and 5-day nasal DNA samples from rats exposed to 10-ppm [13CD2]-formaldehyde was 1.28 ± 0.49 and 2.43 ± 0.78 adducts/107 dG, respectively, while 2.63 ± 0.73 and 2.84 ± 1.13 N2-HOCH2-dG adducts/107 dG and 3.95 ± 0.26 and 3.61 ± 0.95 N6-HOCH2-dA endogenous adducts/107 dA were present. This study provides strong evidence supporting a genotoxic and cytotoxic mode of action for the carcinogenesis of inhaled formaldehyde in respiratory nasal epithelium but does not support the biological plausibility that inhaled formaldehyde also causes leukemia. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved.