Gastrocnemius muscle oxygenation asymmetry as a predictor of exercise intensity in professional soccer players: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Purpose: Recently, muscle imbalances have been studied using muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in both legs, from which the variable muscle oxygen saturation asymmetry (MO2Asy) was derived. The study aimed to measure the predictive capacity of MO2Asy across different stages of a graded exercise test (GXT). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Thirty male players (years: 24 ± 6 and 8 ± 3 years of experience in professional soccer) performed a GXT, and the following parameters were measured: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), respiratory quotient (RQ), ventilation, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology was also used to assess MO2Asy in the gastrocnemius muscle (GM). A Bayesian ANOVA, Pearson correlation with linear regressions, and a predictive test of the receiver operating characteristic curves were applied. Results: MO2Asy analysis revealed changes from Fatmax and VT1—low-intensity domain to VT2 and VO2max—high-intensity domain (BF10 = 7.988; p = 0.096; ES = 0.054). The MO2Asy significantly influenced RQ (r2 = 71.2%; p < 0.001) and VO2max (r2 = 75.6%; p < 0.001). Exercise intensity thresholds were established: VT1 (MO2Asy = 28% to 16%; p = 0.040) and VT2 (MO2Asy = ≤ 15%; p = 0.012). Conclusion: MO₂Asy decreases with increasing exercise intensity. It is proposed that high-intensity exercise would be characterized by values around ≤ 15% of MO2Asy in the GM muscle. Although the vastus lateralis has been the preferred site in most studies using NIRS, the GM offers practical advantages that make it more accessible and easier to evaluate, especially in clinical settings and in the field with professional soccer players.