Hypertension-Chronic Kidney Disease Relationships

Abstract

A large number of epidemiologic, clinical and experimental studies indicate a strong association between hypertension (HT) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). 1 Further, this association portends an ominous prognosis. Patients with HT and CKD are at a much greater risk for cardiovascular disease as compared with those without chronic kidney disease. 1 Hypertension / or (SBP / DBP) equal / 90 , and - 40%, is a major contributor to heart disease , stroke and renal disease . 2 Chronic , defined , as reduced glomerular filtration rate (an estimated GFR <60 / ml / min / 1 . 73 m²) and / or increased urinary albumin excretion , is emerging as a major public health problem . 3 The prevalence of - 16% . 3 Although , severe kidney damage is associated (ESRD) , a damage is a marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) . 4 The - chronic dependent on several factors which include i) etiology of the hypertensive disorder ; ii) level of BP ; iii) type ; iv) BP . ETIOLOGY OF THE HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER Hypertension (ESRD) after . 5 However , discrepant opinion exists regarding whether non - malignant essential (primary) hypertension can cause ESRD . 6 Several epidemiologic studies reported low prevalence and incidence rates of renal failure among hypertension subjects . 7 In one study , creatinine clearance , as (GFR) , fell . 92 / min year . 75 / min . 8 These - malignant hypertension . It has been postulated that the progressive hyalinization and sclerosis of the preglomerular renal vasculature , frequently reported in patients with non - malignant essential hypertension , referred to as hypertensive nephrosclerosis and resulting from long - standing (BP) levels . 9 The - related which includes two variants , benign (non malignant) and malignant nephrosclerosis . The diagnosis of benign hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a diagnosis by exclusion . 4 It is a clinical diagnosis based on history , physical examination , urinalysis and laboratory evaluation . 4 Since , the with (CKD) who - standing , subnephrotic range proteinuria without evidence of other kidney disease . Histopathologic lesions in benign hypertensive nephrosclerosis are characterized by vascular , glomerular and tubular changes . 4 These changes have been attributed to loss of renal autoregulation and exposure of the intrarenal