Arrhythmogenesis in a catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia mutation that depresses ryanodine receptor function

Abstract

Current mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) require spontaneous Ca2+ release via cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) channels affected by gain-of-function mutations. Hence, hyperactive RyR2 channels eager to release Ca2+ on their own appear as essential components of this arrhythmogenic scheme. This mechanism, therefore, appears inadequate to explain lethal arrhythmias in patients harboring RyR2 channels destabilized by loss-of-function mutations. We aimed to elucidate arrhythmia mechanisms in a RyR2-linked CPVT mutation (RyR2-A4860G) that depresses channel activity. Recombinant RyR2-A4860G protein was expressed equally as wild type (WT) RyR2, but channel activity was dramatically inhibited, as inferred by [3H]ryanodine binding and single channel recordings. Mice heterozygous for the RyR2-A4860G mutation (RyR2-A4860G+/-) exhibited basal bradycardia but no cardiac structural alterations; in contrast, no homozygotes were detected at birth, suggesting a lethal phenotype. Sympathetic stimulation elicited malignant arrhythmias in RyR2-A4860G+/- hearts, recapitulating the phenotype originally described in a human patient with the same mutation. In isoproterenol-stimulated ventricular myocytes, the RyR2-A4860G mutation decreased the peak of Ca2+ release during systole, gradually overloading the sarcoplasmic reticulum with Ca2+. The resultant Ca2+ overload then randomly caused bursts of prolonged Ca2+ release, activating electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchanger activity and triggering early afterdepolarizations. The RyR2-A4860G mutation reveals novel pathways by which RyR2 channels engage sarcolemmal currents to produce life-threatening arrhythmias.