Adherence to Vitamin D intake guidelines in the United States

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised its infant vitamin D intake guidelines in 2008. We aimed to examine previously unexplored trends in meeting vitamin D intake guidelines among US infants since 2009 and whether there were differences across demographic subgroups. METHODS:We analyzed dietary recall data for infants 0 to 11 months in the 2009-2016 NHANES. We estimated the percentage meeting 2008 AAP vitamin D guidelines, defined as consuming $1 L of infant formula and/or receiving a vitamin D supplement of $400 IU. We used Poisson regressions to assess trends over time and differences across demographic subgroups. RESULTS: Overall, 27.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.3%-29.8%) of US infants in 2009-2016 met vitamin D intake guidelines, with nonbreastfeeding infants (31.1% [95% CI: 27.6%-34.5%]) more likely to meet guidelines than breastfeeding infants (20.5% [95% CI: 15.4%-25.5%]; P <01). From 2009-2010 to 2015-2016, overall and for both breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding infants, there were no significant changes over time in the percentage of infants who met the guidelines (P