In Situ Study of Li Intercalation into Highly Crystalline Graphitic Flakes of Varying Thicknesses

Abstract

An in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of Li intercalation into graphite flakes with different thicknesses ranging from 1.7 nm (3 graphene layers) to 61 nm (ca. 178 layers) is presented. The lithiation behavior of these flakes was compared to commercial microcrystalline graphite with a typical flake thickness of ∼100 nm. Li intercalation into the graphitic flakes was observed under potential control via in situ optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. As graphite flakes decreased in thickness, a Raman response indicative of increased tensile strain along the graphene sheet was observed during the early stages of intercalation. A progressively negative wavenumber shift of the interior and bounding modes of the split G band (E2g2(i) and E2g2(b)) is interpreted as a weakening of the C-C bonding. Raman spectra of Li intercalation into thin graphitic flakes are presented and discussed in the context of implications for Li ion battery applications, given that intercalation induced strain may accelerate carbon negative electrode aging and reduce long-term cycle life.