Osteogenic Potential of Magnesium (Mg)-Doped Multicomponent Bioactive Glass: In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Studies

Abstract

The use of bioactive glasses (BGs) has been quite fruitful in hard tissue engineering due to the capability of these materials to bond to living bone. In this work, a melt-derived magnesium (Mg)-doped BG (composition: 45SiO2–3P2O5–26CaO–15Na2O–7MgO–4K2O (mol.%)) was synthesized for being used in bone reconstruction. The prepared BGs were then manufactured as three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds by using the sponge replica approach. The microstructure of the samples was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the surface morphology was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro bioactivity and the release of osteo-stimulatory Mg2+ ions from the prepared samples were investigated over 7 days of incubation in simulated body fluids (SBF). In vitro cellular analyses revealed the compatibility of the Mg-doped BGs with human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63 cell line). Moreover, the Mg-doped BGs could induce bone nodule formation in vitro and improve the migratory ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vivo osteogenic capacity was further evaluated by implanting the BG-derived scaffolds into surgically-created critical-size bone defects in rats. Histological and immunohistological observations revealed an appropriate bone regeneration in the animals receiving the glass-based scaffolds after 12 weeks of surgery. In conclusion, our study indicates the effectiveness of the Mg-doped BGs in stimulating osteogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.