The Role of SOEs in the Chinese Growth Miracle: A “Pancake Theory”

Abstract

Abbreviations & Acronyms AR-V7 = androgen receptor splice variant 7 BCa = bladder cancer CRPC = castration-resistant prostate cancer Dex = dendritic cell derived extracellular vesicles EDIL-3 = epidermal growth factor-like repeats and discoidin I-like domain-3 EV = extracellular vesicle HUVEC = human umbilical vein endothelial cells lncARSR = long non-coding ribonucleic acid activated in renal cell carcinoma with sunitinib resistance lncRNA = long non-coding ribonucleic acid miRNA = micro ribonucleic acid mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid MVB = multivesiclular body nSMase2 = neutral sphingomyelinase 2 PCa = prostate cancer PD-1 = programmed death 1 PD-L1 = programmed death 1 ligand 1 RCC = renal cell carcinoma siRNA = small interfering ribonucleic acid TACSTD2 = tumor-associated calcium-signal transducer 2 Abstract: Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized lipid membranous vesicles that are released from almost all types of cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicles have gained considerable attention in the past decade, and emerging evidence suggests that they play novel roles in mediating cancer biology. Extracellular vesicles contain pathogenic components, such as proteins, DNA fragments, messenger ribonucleic acids, non-coding ribonucleic acids and lipids, all of which mediate paracrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles impact the multistep process of cancer progression through modulation of the immune system, angiogenesis and pre-metastatic niche formation through transfer of their contents. Therefore, a better understanding of their roles in urological cancers will provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, the contents of extracellular vesicles hold promise for the discovery of liquid-based biomarkers for prostate, kidney and bladder cancers. Here, we summarize the current research regarding extracellular vesicles in urological cancer and discuss potential clinical applications for extracellular vesicles in urological cancer.