Phylogeny of the genus Paramyiolia Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetini) with descriptions of five Chinese species

Abstract

We recognize the following 5 species of Paramyiolia Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetini) in China: P. atra, sp. nov., P. atrifasciata, sp. nov., P. melanogaster, sp. nov., P. nigrihumera, sp. nov., and P. yunnana (Wang), comb. nov. These species have almost identical wing patterns as Japanese P. cornuta (Ito), and, thus, here we refer to them jointly as the P. cornuta species group. Monophyly of this species group is supported by a cladistic analysis using morphological characters of all the 9 Paramyiolia species known in the world. Our earlier assumption about the disjunct occurrence of East Asian and North American Paramyiolia as a typical Arcto-Tertiary relict distribution is also strengthened by the discovery of the 5 Chinese species. In addition, we provide a revised key to the world Paramyiolia species and descriptions of all 5 Chinese species supplemented by their photographs including genitalic structures. We also made DNA barcoding analyses using 13 specimens representing 4 outgroup and 3 Paramyiolia species (P. atra, P. nigricornis (Doane), and P. rhino (Steyskal)). The DNA barcoding result only topologically supports the monophyly of Old and New World Paramyiolia together, but statistically supports the monophyly of the New World Paramyiolia. Interestingly, it rather clearly suggests possible existence of 2 cryptic species from the samples we identified as P. rhino based on the current taxonomic concept of this nominal species. Furthermore, one of these cryptic species appears to be more closely related genetically to the morphologically distinct P. nigricornis than to the other cryptic species.