Photosynthates stimulate the UV-B induced fungal anthraquinone synthesis in the foliose lichen Xanthoria parietina

Abstract

Synthesis of the cortical anthraquinone pigment parietin (= physcion) was studied in acetone-rinsed, parietin-free Xanthoria parietina thalli. UV-B induced the synthesis, which increased linearly with UV-B (log-transformed) to the highest applied UV-B level (1.8 W m-2). At natural UV-B levels (0.75 W m-2), parietin resynthesis occurred at a constant pace (106 mg m-2 d-1) during a 14-d period at 220 μnol m -2 s-1 PAR. Under these conditions, 56% of the natural parietin content prior to extraction was resumed, accounting for 10% of total net carbon gain. In the presence of UV-B, the remaining results were consistent with the hypothesis assuming that photosynthates regulate the pace at which parietin is synthesized by the mycobiont. Resynthesis was rapid when photosynthesis was activated by light, or when certain carbohydrates were added exogenously. Additions of ribitol, the carbohydrate delivered from the photobiont, increased the parietin resynthesis substantially. Mannitol, the main fungal polyol, was significantly less effective. Furthermore, parietin resynthesis in X. parietina was depressed at high and low hydration when net photosynthesis is depressed. Therefore, the photobiont regulates the parietin resynthesis pace in its mycobiont partner by the delivery of photosynthates. In conclusion, both lichen bionts play important roles in the synthesis of parietin, which probably acts as a PAR- rather than a UV-B-screen.