Surface-modified three-dimensional graphene nanosheets as a stationary phase for chromatographic separation of chiral drugs

Abstract

Carbon-based stationary phases for chromatographic separation have been commercially available since the 1980s. Porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography columns are known to be highly resistant to aggressive mobile phases and extreme pH values of solvents and eluents, an important advantage compared to conventional silica-based alternatives. In our work, we demonstrate a new variant of carbon-based stationary phases for liquid chromatography, specifically developed for chiral separation. Mesoporous three-dimensional graphene nanosheets (3D GNS), functionalized with tetracyanoethylene oxide (TCNEO) and (S)-(+)-2-pyrrolidinemethanol, demonstrate pharmaceutical-grade chiral separation of model ibuprofen and thalidomide racemic mixtures when used as Chiral Stationary Phases (CSPs), with performance parameters comparable to currently commercially available CSPs. Simple covalent attachment of functionalization groups to the surface of mesoporous three-dimensional graphene nanosheets makes these carbon-based CSPs chemically stable and up to an order of magnitude less expensive than standard silica-based analogues.