Preservation of imaging capability in sensitive ultrasound contrast agents after indirect plasma sterilization

Abstract

Many injectables are not amenable to standard sterilization methods, which destroy sensitive materials. This is particularly true for ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) consisting of gas bubbles stabilized by a surfactant or polymer shell. We investigated a new method to achieve safe and effective sterilization in production by introducing dielectric-barrier discharge non-thermal plasma. A dielectric-barrier discharge was generated to first produce plasma-treated phosphate-buffered saline (PTPBS), which was used as a sterilant solution for our UCA SE61, avoiding direct heat, pressure, chemicals, or radiation. Treated samples were tested for acoustic properties in vitro and in a flow phantom, and for sterility by standard methods. Three minutes plasma treatment of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) proved effective. The samples showed significant inactivation of inoculated bacteria upon PTPBS treatment as compared to un-treated-PBS (p = 0.0022). The treated and untreated samples showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05) in acoustic response or bubble diameter (mean ± SEM: 2.52 ± 0.31 μm). Nile Red was used to model intercalation of drug in the hydrophobic shell, intercalated successfully into SE61, and was unaffected by plasma treatment. The PTPBS completely sterilized suspensions of UCA, and it did not compromise the acoustic properties of the agent or its ability to retain a hydrophobic compound.