Aerial Solutions for Supporting Large-Scale Events: A Case Study of the Hajj Pilgrimage

Abstract

LARGE-SCALE EVENTS, SUCH as the Hajj, constitute complex logistical events that attract approximately two to three million pilgrims annually to Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The immense scale of these gatherings presents signifi cant challenges related to crowd management, infra structure, public safety, and connectivity—which can adversely impact both the pilgrimage experience and the pilgrims’ well-being.