Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis is tightly regulated by two major processes: mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial degradation by autophagy (mitophagy). Research in mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise training has been well established, while the mechanisms regulating mitophagy and the relationship between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation following endurance exercise training are not yet well defined. Studies have demonstrated that endurance exercise training increases the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-, dynamics-, mitoph-agy-related genes in skeletal muscle. However, the increased levels of mitochondrial biogenesis marker proteins such as Cox IV and citrate synthase, by endurance exercise training were abolished when autophagy/mitophagy was inhibited in skeletal muscle. This suggests that both autophagy/mitophagy plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis/homeostasis and the coordination between the opposing processes may be important for skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance exercise training to improve metabolic function and endurance exercise performance. It is considered that endurance exercise training regulates each of these processes, mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission events and autophagy/mitophagy, ensuring a relatively constant mitochondrial population. Exercise training may also have contributed to mitochondrial quality control which replaces old and/or unhealthy mi-tochondria with new and/or healthy ones in skeletal muscle. In this review paper, the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy and the coordination between the opposing processes is involved in the cellular adaptation to endurance exercise training in skeletal muscle will be discussed. 다른 대사적 조직에서도 증가시킨다[17]. 지구성 운동 훈련을 통한 적응에 대한 기전을 이해하기 위해 연구자들의 많은 노 력이 미토콘드리아의 생합성(mitochondrial biogenesis)에 집 중되어 왔다. 지구성 운동 훈련은 미토콘드리아의 질량을 나 타내주는 지표들(e.g., cytochrome c oxidase-IV, Cox IV)의 발 현, 미토콘드리아 효소 활동(e.g., citrate synthase, CS) 그리고 전신 최대산소섭취량의 측정을 통해 본 결과 미토콘드리아의 양을 증가시킨다고 오랫동안 인식되어 왔다[34]. 지구성 훈련 에 의한 미토콘드리아 생합성은 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator alpha (PGC-1a)라는 전사 보조인자의 활동에 의해 촉진된다. 활성화된 PGC-1a는 미토 콘드리아 생합성, 산화적 인산화, 산화적 근섬유의 다른 특징 들과 관련된 유전 인자의 발현을 조절한다[25]. 미토콘드리아는 골격근 내 세포 대사의 중요한 조절 역할을 하고 그물망으로 형성되어 있다. 그물망 구조를 갖고 있는 미 토콘드리아는 사실상 매우 역동적인 세포소기관이다. 미토콘 드리아는 융합(fusion)이라는 과정에 의해 합쳐지기도 하고, 분열(fission)이라는 과정에 의해 떨어져 분리되기도 한다. 이 러한 미토콘드리아의 역동적인 과정은 미토콘드리아 DNA와 같은 구성 요소를 서로 공유하기도 하지만, 산화 스트레스 등-Review
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CITATION STYLE
Ju, J. (2017). Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Response to Endurance Exercise Training in Skeletal Muscle. Journal of Life Science, 27(3), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.5352/jls.2017.27.3.361
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