Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Metabolism of a Proteobacteria-Dominated Community in a Light Lanthanide-Rich Deep Environment

Abstract

This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of proteobacterial XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) in the microbial community that inhabits a fossil organic matter-and sedimentary lanthanide (Ln3+)-rich underground mine environment using a metagenomic and metapro-teomic approach. A total of 8 XoxF-encoding genes (XoxF-EGs) and 14 protein sequences matching XoxF were identified. XoxF-type MDHs were produced by Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria represented by the four orders Methylococcales, Nitrosomonadales, Rhizobiales, and Xanthomonadales. The highest number of XoxF-EG-and XoxF-matching protein sequences were affiliated with Nitro-somonadales and Rhizobiales, respectively. Among the identified XoxF-EGs, two belonged to the XoxF1 clade, five to the XoxF4 clade, and one to the XoxF5 clade, while seven of the identified XoxF proteins belonged to the XoxF1 clade, four to the XoxF4 clade, and three to the XoxF5 clade. Moreover, the accumulation of light lanthanides and the presence of methanol in the microbial mat were confirmed. This study is the first to show the occurrence of XoxF in the metagenome and metaproteome of a deep microbial community colonizing a fossil organic matter-and light lanthanide-rich sedimentary environment. The presented results broaden our knowledge of the ecology of XoxF-producing bacteria as well as of the distribution and diversity of these enzymes in the natural environment.