TOEHBCHAIN: A Framework for Blockchain-Based Food Distribution Transparency

Abstract

This study develops and validates TOEHBCHAIN, a readiness-driven blockchain adoption framework designed to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability in Indonesia's Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) program. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 323 student beneficiaries, 23 schools, and qualitative interviews with government officials, vendors, and administrators. The Technology‒Organisation‒Environment‒Human (TOEH) framework guided readiness assessment, while blockchain architecture was structured into four layers: Application, Smart Contract, Data, and Integration. Triangulation through expert validation and Focus Group Discussions strengthened reliability. Results show high organisational and environmental readiness but moderate technological understanding and limited human competence. Qualitative findings emphasise the need for automated reporting, real-time tracking, and inclusive interfaces. The TOEHBCHAIN framework inte-grates TOEH dimensions with blockchain features such as RBAC security, lightweight PWA design, and interoperability with government databases. Validation confirmed its feasibility, contextual relevance, and replicability. TOEHBCHAIN effiectively aligns stakeholder readiness with blockchain functionalities to address digital transparency gaps in food distribution, offering an adaptable model for broader public welfare applications.