Rheumatoid arthritis affecting the upper cervical spine: Biomechanical assessment of the stabilizing ligaments

Abstract

Diameters of anterior and posterior atlantodental intervals (AADI and PADI) are diagnostically conclusive regarding ongoing neurological disorders in rheumatoid arthritis. MRI and X-ray are mostly used for patients' follow-up. This investigation aimed at analyzing these intervals during motion of cervical spine, when transverse and alar ligaments are damaged. AADI and PADI of 10 native, human cervical spines were measured using lateral fluoroscopy, while the spines were assessed in neutral position first, in maximal inclination second, and in maximal extension at last. First, specimens were evaluated under intact conditions, followed by analysis after transverse and alar ligaments were destroyed. Damage of the transverse ligament leads to an increase of the AADI's diameter about 0.65mm in flexion and damage of alar ligaments results in significant enhancement of 3.59mm at mean. In extension, the AADI rises 0.60mm after the transverse ligament was cut and 0.90mm when the alar ligaments are damaged. After all ligaments are destroyed, AADI assessed in extension closely resembles AADI at neutral position. Ligamentous damage showed an average significant decrease of the PADI of 1.37mm in the first step and of 3.57mm in the second step in flexion, while it is reduced about 1.61mm and 0.41mmin the extended and similarly in the neutrally positioned spine.Alar and transverse ligaments are both of obvious importance in order to prevent AAS and movement-related spinal cord compression. Functional imaging is necessary at follow-up in order to identify patients having an advanced risk of neurological disorders.