Renal perfusion during hemodialysis: Intradialytic blood flow decline and effects of dialysate cooling

Abstract

Background Residual renal function (RRF) confers survival in patients with ESRD but declines after initiating hemodialysis. Previous research shows that dialysate cooling reduces hemodialysis-induced circulatory stress and protects the brain and heart from ischemic injury. Whether hemodialysis-induced circulatory stress affects renal perfusion, and if it can be ameliorated with dialysate cooling to potentially reduce RRF loss, is unknown. Methods We used renal computed tomography perfusion imaging to scan 29 patients undergoing continuous dialysis under standard (36.5°C dialysate temperature) conditions; we also scanned another 15 patients under both standard and cooled (35.0°C) conditions. Imaging was performed immediately before, 3 hours into, and 15 minutes after hemodialysis sessions. We used perfusion maps to quantify renal perfusion. To provide a reference to another organ vulnerable to hemodialysis-induced ischemic injury, we also used echocardiography to assess intradialytic myocardial stunning. Results During standard hemodialysis, renal perfusion decreased 18.4% (P<0.005) and correlated with myocardial injury (r=20.33; P<0.05). During sessions with dialysis cooling, patients experienced a 10.6% decrease in perfusion (not significantly different from the decline with standard hemodialysis), and ten of the 15 patients showed improved or no effect on myocardial stunning. Conclusions This study shows an acute decrease in renal perfusion during hemodialysis, a first step toward pathophysiologic characterization of hemodialysis-mediated RRF decline. Dialysate cooling ameliorated this decline but this effect did not reach statistical significance. Further study is needed to explore the potential of dialysate cooling as a therapeutic approach to slow RRF decline.