The relationship between tonic immobility and the development, severity, and course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic and meta-analytic literature review

Abstract

Background: Tonic immobility (TI) is a reflexive, involuntary response that causes motor inhibition, vocal suppression, and analgesia. TI is elicited by extreme fear and perception of entrapment in a life-threatening situation. Research suggests that TI is a frequent peritraumatic response and may be related to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, findings are mixed and, as of yet, no systematic or meta-analytic review examining associations between TI and PTSD has been published. Objective: We systematically and meta-analytically reviewed the literature and investigated whether TI is associated with the development, severity, and course of PTSD. Additionally, we evaluated whether different types of traumatic events are differentially associated with TI, and whether TI severity differs according to sex. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Meta-analyses were performed on the included articles. Results: We identified 27 eligible articles. We found a significant association between TI and PTSD symptom severity (r = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.34–0.44; p