Multifunctional Biopolymer Films Based on Gelatin and Chitosan Enriched with Plant Extracts: From Functional Characterisation to Food Application and Environmental Impact

Abstract

In the present study, innovative active gelatin–chitosan films enriched with blackberry (ACTIVE-BF) and sage flower (ACTIVE-SF) extracts were developed and comprehensively characterised with regard to their physicochemical, functional and environmental properties. The incorporation of phenolic compounds increased the film’s UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy) absorbance, confirming the presence of chromophoric groups and the improvement of light-barrier properties. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis revealed hydrogen bond formation and intermolecular interactions between polyphenols and the –OH/–NH groups of the biopolymer matrix, which enhanced the structural stability of the films. Adding blackberry and sage extracts slightly increased the hydrophilicity and solubility of the films (40–48%), without significantly affecting their water vapour transmission rate (531–547 g/m2·d). The obtained films exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) values ranging from 17.75 to 40.83 mM Trolox/mg, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity between 42.58 and 46.88%, and metal chelating ability up to 50.82%. During the nine-day storage of salmon fillets at 4 °C, the active films effectively inhibited microbial growth (reduction of 1.5–2.1 log CFU/g) while maintaining pH stability (6.2–6.4). Respiration activity confirmed environmental safety. The developed materials represent biodegradable, multifunctional films with high potential for application as sustainable active packaging for perishable food products.