Snapping of the Upper Limb: a Clinical Overview

Abstract

Snapping results from an abrupt displacement of an anatomic or pathologic structure during the movement of a closely related joint. Snaps are audible, palpable, and often, visible. Snapping phenomena are common within the general population and, in most cases, are associated with mild symptoms. However, especially in athletes, snapping could determine pain and functional impairment that may severely affect their sport activities. We focus on three major types of snapping occurring at specific joints of the upper limbs: the shoulder, the elbow, and the wrist. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of major advances in the aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic imaging, and treatments of these specific snapping phenomena.