Mitochondrial calcium uptake

Abstract

Calcium (Ca2+) uptake into the mitochondrial matrix is critically important to cellular function. As a regulator of matrix Ca 2+ levels, this flux influences energy production and can initiate cell death. If large, this flux could potentially alter intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca2+]i) signals. Despite years of study, fundamental disagreements on the extent and speed of mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake still exist. Here, we review and quantitatively analyze mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake fluxes from different tissues and interpret the results with respect to the recently proposed mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) candidate. This quantitative analysis yields four clear results: (i) under physiological conditions, Ca2+ influx into the mitochondria via the MCU is small relative to other cytosolic Ca2+ extrusion pathways; (ii) single MCU conductance is ~6-7 pS (105 mM [Ca 2+]), and MCU flux appears to be modulated by [Ca2+] i, suggesting Ca2+ regulation of MCU open probability (PO); (iii) in the heart, two features are clear: the number of MCU channels per mitochondrion can be calculated, and MCU probability is low under normal conditions; and (iv) in skeletal muscle and liver cells, uptake per mitochondrion varies in magnitude but total uptake per cell still appears to be modest. Based on our analysis of available quantitative data, we conclude that although Ca2+ critically regulates mitochondrial function, the mitochondria do not act as a significant dynamic buffer of cytosolic Ca 2+ under physiological conditions. Nevertheless, with prolonged (superphysiological) elevations of [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can increase 10- to 1,000-fold and begin to shape [Ca2+]i dynamics.