Structural and preliminary electrochemical characteristics of palm oil based carbon nanospheres as anode materials in lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Since the invention of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) in the early 1990s by SONY, graphite carbon has been used as the anode material because of its low cost, chemical stability, and stable electrochemical performance [1]. The limitations of graphite anodes, especially related to their small energy and power output per unit mass or volume, are retarding the development of certain high-tech industries such as hybrid electric vehicles and stationary energy storage [2]. Therefore, there is currently an intense search for new anode materials for LIBs, with high specific capacity and energy density [3,4].