The dual impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on metabolic and reproductive health in polycystic ovary syndrome: insights from human and animal trials

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent disorder in the modern world, affecting around 6%–20% of females of childbearing age. Hormonal and metabolic symptoms vary over time but often arise throughout puberty. Treatment includes lifestyle interventions as a first line of treatment. In certain cases, specific medications may be considered. However, there is a growing interest in using Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) in PCOS due to their efficacy in weight loss, insulin resistance, and heart health. Aside from the metabolic role of GLP-1RAs, which aids in the relief of PCOS symptoms, there is also the possibility of direct involvement in reproductive health in PCOS, including its role in the hypothalamic-gonadal axis, menstrual irregularity, ovulation, ovarian morphology, anti-inflammatory properties, and fertility. This review discusses the latest data on GLP-1RAs’ metabolic and reproductive health benefits in PCOS. Moreover, this article covers pharmaceutical interactions and synergistic effects of drugs, including metformin and other medications, with GLP-1RAs. It also conveys an overview of recent clinical trials utilizing GLP-1RAs to treat PCOS.