Partner Characteristics as a Risk Factor for Gender-Based Violence Among Sub-Saharan African Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

This study examined how partner characteristics contribute to gender-based violence (GBV) risk among women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by two research questions—how partner characteristics influence GBV, and which characteristics are the strongest predictors—we tested four hypotheses regarding partner education, age difference, alcohol use, and controlling behaviours. Using nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data from 25 Sub-Saharan African countries (2012–2022), we conducted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses of 122,477 ever-married women aged 15–49. Findings revealed that partner characteristics significantly predicted GBV. Women with partners who had no education experienced higher GBV rates (31.6%) compared to those with partners who attained tertiary education (5.7%). Age differences of six years or more were associated with higher GBV prevalence (39.9%). Controlling behaviour emerged as the strongest predictor, with 87.7% of women with controlling partners reporting GBV. Alcohol use and frequency of drunkenness also strongly increased the odds of violence; women whose partners were often drunk had 6.75 times higher odds of emotional violence. These results confirmed the hypotheses and underscore the central role of partner characteristics in shaping GBV risks. Policy and programmatic interventions should address male alcohol misuse, promote gender-equitable attitudes, and expand women’s access to education. Targeting partner-level risk factors is essential for reducing GBV and advancing progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa.