Update on the preclinical and clinical assessment of Withania somnifera: From ancient Rasayana to modern perspectives

Abstract

The Rasayana plant Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) Dunal, also known as “Ashwagandha”, has been mentioned in various classical Ayurvedic texts, such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Nighantus. This Ayurvedic drug has been referred to as a tonic that renews the body, provides physical and mental vigor in weakened states, and promotes endurance and longevity. W. somnifera possesses notable biological activity in many ailments, such as diabetes, conjunctivitis, insomnia, senile dementia, Parkinson’s disease, nervous system disorders, rheumatism, and arthritis. These pharmacological activities are due to the presence of diverse active components and their derivatives. Some lead compounds are found to be effective against anxiety and other central nervous system disorders. W. somnifera has been proven to be effective and safe for a wide range of ailments from ancient to modern times. Its reported properties represent the traditional use of W. somnifera as indicated in the literature; furthermore, W. somnifera is one of the most important prescribed drugs in Ayurveda for its multimodal effects. This current review highlights the bioactive present and provides an overview of the toxicological and pharmacological studies on W. somnifera, including preclinical and clinical studies. From its earliest utilization to its current application, W. somnifera has been recognized to be effective at clinical levels for human health and welfare. Greater attention to the safety and efficacy of W. somnifera would provide more scientific evidence, promoting global acceptance of the Ayurvedic plant.