Hubungan Prematuritas dengan Hipotiroid Kongenital

Abstract

Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in neonates and can cause growth and developmental disorders if not treated early. Prematurity is an important risk factor due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and limited iodine storage capacity. Various studies have shown an increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism, particularly in its transient form, among preterm infants; however, the results remain variable, necessitating a literature review to clarify the association and optimize detection strategies. Method: This study is a literature review analyzing the relationship between prematurity and congenital hypothyroidism. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and Garuda (2015–2025). Included articles consisted of original research, reviews, and meta-analyses in English or Indonesian discussing the topic. Discussion: Prematurity is associated with an increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism, particularly transient forms and delayed TSH elevation. Immaturity of the thyroid axis, exposure to medications, and external factors exacerbate hormonal dysfunction. Most cases are temporary, although a small proportion may become permanent. Conclusion: Prematurity increases the risk of congenital hypothyroidism; therefore, repeated screening and long-term monitoring are essential to prevent delayed diagnosis and ensure optimal management.Pendahuluan: Hipotiroid kongenital merupakan kelainan endokrin tersering pada neonatus yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan tumbuh kembang bila tidak ditangani sejak dini. Prematuritas menjadi faktor risiko penting karena imaturitas aksis hipotalamus–pituitari–tiroid dan keterbatasan penyimpanan iodium. Berbagai studi menunjukkan peningkatan risiko hipotiroid kongenital, terutama bentuk transien, pada bayi prematur, namun hasilnya masih bervariasi sehingga diperlukan telaah literatur untuk memperjelas hubungan dan strategi deteksi optimal. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan literature review yang menelaah hubungan antara prematuritas dan hipotiroid kongenital melalui pencarian literatur di PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, dan Garuda (2015–2025). Artikel yang disertakan meliputi penelitian asli, review, dan meta- analisis berbahasa Inggris atau Indonesia yang relevan. Pembahasan: Prematuritas berkaitan dengan peningkatan risiko hipotiroid kongenital, terutama bentuk transien dan kenaikan TSH tertunda. Imaturitas aksis tiroid, paparan obat, serta faktor eksternal memperburuk disfungsi hormonal. Sebagian besar kasus bersifat sementara, namun sebagian kecil permanen. Simpulan: Prematuritas meningkatkan risiko hipotiroid kongenital, sehingga diperlukan skrining berulang dan pemantauan jangka panjang untuk mencegah keterlambatan diagnosis serta memastikan penatalaksanaan optimal.