5-Year Outcomes of a Prospective Phase 1/2 Study of Accelerated Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy to the Prostate Bed

Abstract

Purpose: To report the 5-year outcomes from a single institution, prospective, phase 1/2 study on hypofractionated, accelerated radiation therapy to the prostate bed after radical prostatectomy. Methods and Materials: Patients enrolled in this study were all eligible for postoperative radiation therapy and received a prescribed dose of 51 Gy in 17 fractions to the prostate bed. On follow-up, gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was evaluated and quality of life was assessed using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire. Results: A total of 30 patients were enrolled between 2008 and 2011. Median age was 65 (52-75) years. Median pretreatment PSA was 0.12 ng/mL (0.01-1.42). Twenty-six (93%) patients had Gleason ≤7 disease, 13 (43%) had pT3 disease, and 20 (67%) had positive margins. Twenty-six patients (87%) underwent radiation therapy as salvage treatment. After a median follow-up of 6.4 (2.1-8.1) years, no patient experienced Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3/4 toxicity. Eleven patients (37%) had grade 2 genitourinary and 2 (7%) had grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. At baseline and 5 years after radiation therapy, mean EPIC urinary domain score was 80% (standard deviation, 18%) and 82% (17%). Mean EPIC bowel domain score was 93% (13%) and 93% (15%). One patient (4%) had a minimally clinically important change in urinary domain score and 1 patient (4%) had a minimally clinically important change in bowel domain score. Nelson-Aalen estimated cumulative incidence of biochemical failure was 31% (nadir +0.2) and 18% (nadir +2.0) at 5 years. Four-year PSA ≥0.4 was predictive of subsequent androgen deprivation therapy use (Nelson-Aalen cumulative incidence: 1.45; P 0.4 at 4 years. Conclusions: In this phase 1/2 study, hypofractionated postoperative radiation therapy seems to have good clinical efficacy without significant late toxicity. Phase 3 studies are warranted.