A REVIEW OF FLUORIDE REMOVAL FROM GROUND WATER BY VARIOUS ADSORPTION TECHNIQUES

Abstract

This paper reviews a number of fluoride's negative consequences on human health. Due to the high concentration of fluoride in the ground water, the majority of the arid and semiarid regions of the Indian subcontinent are severely afflicted by the fluorosis problem. The groundwater becomes fluoridated as a result of fluoride leaching from the fluoride-bearing rocks. A thorough analysis of the various methods for removing fluoride, including the Nalgonda process, bone charcoal, contact precipitation, clay column, electro-dialysis, ion-exchange, and by activated alumina, is then provided.