Nanotechnology for the bioremediation of heavy metals and metalloids

Abstract

Contamination of soil and water by heavy metals and metalloids is one of the major issues that are being raised and addressed globally as it has adverse effects on the environment as well as on human health. Since each technique has its own pros and cons, integration of a few methods helps in getting effective and efficient results. Application of nanotechnology has led to the overcoming of various drawbacks of conventional methods of remediation. Nanobioremediation is an extended branch of nanotechnology that deals with the removal of pollutants from the site of contamination by utilizing biogenic nanoparticles or materials synthesized from biological sources that are of nano size. This technique has an edge over other methods because of size of the material; smaller the size, higher would be the surface area to volume ratio and higher the ratio, more surface would be available for the reaction to occur. In recent years, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained enormous attention because of the economic and ecological aspects. This review highlights the implications and health risks of heavy metals and metalloids along with the application of nanotechnology in the bioremediation of these contaminants.