Exploring the Dynamics of Radicalization in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract

Across the globe, radicalization is understood as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is on the rise. The emergence of various extreme ideologies and groups underscores the pressing need to recognize the underlying factors fueling radicalization. In Pakistan radicalization is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a range of interconnected factors, including historical context, geopolitical dynamics, and the involvement of foreign actors. This study aims to comprehensively explore the underlying drivers of radicalization by examining various push and pull factors through the lens of social identity theory and grievances theory. Through qualitative research approach, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts of countering violent extremism, media and academia from across Pakistan. The analysis reveals six key factors shaping radicalization: Economic Deprivation and Poverty, Horizontal Inequalities, Political Instability and Marginalization, Weak Institutions and Inefficient Justice Systems, Religious Identity and State Policy, and Foreign Influence and Geopolitical Dynamics. These factors have highly increased the terrorism and anti-state interventions around the country particularly in post 9/11 scenario. The interconnectedness of these factors emphasizes the imperative for a comprehensive approach in addressing radicalization. The policymakers and practitioners need to devise deradicalization strategies that recognize the intricate nature of radicalization within Pakistan and its broader socio-political landscape.