In Situ and Operando Analyses of Reaction Mechanisms in Vanadium Oxides for Li-, Na-, Zn-, and Mg-Ions Batteries

Abstract

Due to their diversity in the composition, lattice structures and physical/chemical properties, and various oxidation states (2+, 3+, 4+, and 5+), (VxOy) nanomaterials have attached much attention for developing new rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), and magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) as well as new energy storage concepts such as light-rechargeable batteries. However, to further improve the electrochemical performance of VxOy-based batteries, it is crucial to understand the various electrochemical mechanisms taking place in these materials for LIBs, NIBs, ZIBs, and MIBs. This review covers a systematical discussion of in situ and operando analysis methods carried out on V2O5, VO2, LixVyOz, NaxVyOz, ZnxVyOz, and MgxVyOz for LIBs, NIBs, ZIBs, and MIBs and the fundamental insights they have provided in the energy storage mechanisms in these batteries.