A summary of North American hardwood tree diseases with bleeding canker symptoms

Abstract

Although the presence of bleeding cankers on deciduous trees may raise fears of the presence of Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death, other pathogens also cause similar symptoms. This review of hardwood tree diseases with bleeding canker symptoms provides an overview of available information of these diseases, providing a diagnosis guide as well as a stimulus for continued research in these areas. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.