AI in Neurology: Everything, Everywhere, All at Once Part 3: Surveillance, Synthesis, Simulation, and Systems

Abstract

This final part 3 review builds on the practical applications discussed in part 2 and explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming data management, neurological education, and neurological care across large healthcare networks and datasets. The review also highlights AI's role in real-world and synthetic data, digital twins, and innovative clinical trial designs, such as in silico and adaptive trials. The review emphasizes AI's ability to drive continuous improvements in care and discovery through comparative effectiveness research and learning health systems. The global healthcare implications discussed here tie back to earlier discussions on human-AI collaboration and precision care, underscoring the neurological sciences' responsibility to adopt AI advances judiciously, while managing their ethical, economic, and environmental impacts. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:651–667.