Generative Artificial Intelligence Amplifies the Role of Critical Thinking Skills and Reduces Reliance on Prior Knowledge While Promoting In-Depth Learning

Abstract

This study examines how generative AI (GAI) impacts primary students’ in-depth learning, focusing on critical thinking and prior knowledge. A quasi-experiment involved 163 sixth-graders divided into three groups: a control group (lecture-based instruction) and two experimental groups using GAI as a cognitive tool (materials generation) or thinking tool (critical analysis), in which 126 participants successfully completed all the tests and were included in the analysis. ANOVA revealed the thinking-tool group and cognitive-tool group both outperformed the control group in in-depth learning, which was reflected by the knowledge transfer. Hierarchical regression showed students’ critical thinking skills and use of generative artificial intelligence significantly contributed to their in-depth learning, while prior knowledge did not. Further analysis found that significant interaction effects existed between the use of generative artificial intelligence and critical thinking skills, while no significant interaction was found between the use of generative artificial intelligence and students’ prior knowledge. In sum, critical thinking amplified GAI’s impact, while prior knowledge showed no interaction. The results suggest GAI enhances deep learning when integrated with critical thinking, reducing reliance on prior knowledge. Educators should prioritize fostering critical thinking to maximize GAI’s benefits. The findings underscore the need for pedagogical designs that balance GAI’s cognitive support with metacognitive skill development.