Utilization and Disposal of Fly Ash and Other Coal Residues in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Review

Abstract

The physical and chemical properties of coal ashes are dependent on the coal's geological origin, combustion conditions, efficiency of particulate removal, and degree of weathering before final disposal. Coal residues, applied on cropland, are not practical sources of essential plant nutrients N, P, and K; however they can effectively serve as a supplementary supply of Ca, S, B, Mo, and Se to soils. Fly ash could also be an effective amendment in neutralizing soil acidity. The accumulation of B, Mo, Se, and soluble salts in fly ash-amended soils appear to be the most serious constraints associated with land application of fly ash to soil.