RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF LIGNIN FOR BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based packaging materials has intensified research into lignin, a highly abundant, renewable biopolymer derived from plant biomass and industrial side streams. Owing to its aromatic structure, diverse functional groups, and inherent antioxidant and UV-shielding properties, lignin has emerged as a valuable additive and structural component in biodegradable packaging systems. This review summarizes recent developments in the use of technical lignin and lignin nanoparticles in polymer matrices such as PLA, PBAT, PVA, and starch. Particular emphasis is placed on how lignin incorporation affects mechanical, thermal, barrier, and optical properties of composite films. In addition, various chemical functionalization strategies – such as esterification, epoxidation, amidation, glyoxalation, and transamination – are discussed with regard to their effectiveness in improving compatibility and enabling advanced functionalities like self-healing and recyclability. Challenges associated with structural heterogeneity, dispersion limitations, and regulatory approval are also addressed. Taken together, the evidence supports lignin’s potential to contribute significantly to the development of high-performance, bio-based packaging materials with improved environmental profiles.