The presence of toxigenic Fusarium species and Fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat

Abstract

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 ?g kg-1, average 490 ?g kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 ?g kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 ?g kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.Ucestalost gljiva i koncentracija mikotoksina deoksinivalenola (DON) i zearalenona (ZON) je proucavana u zrnu ozime psenice poznjevenom 2009. godine. Najcesce izolovane vrste gljiva pripadale su rodovima Alternaria (81,55%) i Fusarium (12%), a zatim su sledili Rhizopus spp. (3,75%), Acremoniella spp. (1,15%) i druge gljive (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. i Ramichloridium spp.) izolovane u manje od 1%. Unutar roda Fusarium identifikovane su sledece vrste: F. graminearum (82,50%), F. sporotrichioides (5,42%), F. proliferatum (4,17%), F. subglutinans (4,17%), F. poae (1,66%), F. semitectum (1,25%) i F. verticillioides (0,83%). U 100% uzoraka zrna psenice DON je bio detektovan u koncentracijama od 110 do 1200 ?g kg-1, sa prosecnom koncentracijom od 490 ?g kg-1. ZON je bio detektovan u 10% uzoraka u koncentracijama od 60 do 80 ?g kg-1, sa prosecnom koncentracijom od 70 ?g kg-1. Statisticki znacajna pozitivna korelacija utvrdjena je izmedju koncentracije ZON i frekvencije Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58) i frekvencije F. graminearum (r = 0.63). Negativna korelacija, statisticki nesignifikanta, utvrdjena je izmedju nivoa DON-a i procentualne zastupljenosti Fusarium vrsta. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-20046